Dialogue Across the Mediterranean: ACRONYM at the Med25 – Bel Espoir Initiative in Albania

During the first week of August, Névyne Zeineldin represented the ACRONYM project at Med25 Bel Espoir initiative in Albania. Med25, organised by the Diocese of Marseille and supported by the late Pope Francis, bringing together around two hundred young people from across the Mediterranean for a collective journey by boat, with stops in several countries. Each stop explores a theme central to the region’s shared challenges; in the Albanian-Italy segment, with the focus on migration.

Névyne joined the group in Tirana and Durrës, where the events were coordinated by Caritas Albania. The program combined public conferences, institutional exchanges, and youth discussion groups. The opening conference included interventions from: Father Bernard Caruana (Vicar General in Albania), Alketa Gaxha (International Organization for Migration-Albania), Juljana Reso (Director of Caritas Albania), Ariela Mitri (Department of Migration and Anti-Trafficking at Caritas Albania), Archbishop Arjan Dodaj (Metropolitan Archbishop of Tirana-Durrës). The sessions were also attended by clergy members from the region, including Father Alexis Leproux, coordinator of Bel Espoir from Marseille. Each speaker offered a perspective on how migration is shaping societies in Albania, the broader Mediterranean, and Europe. The discussions highlighted both the challenges of migration management, particularly in terms of integration, labour opportunities, and vulnerability to trafficking, as well as the necessity of maintaining a human-centred approach that respects dignity and promotes solidarity. During the conference, Névyne presented ACRONYM’s ongoing research on the perceptions of priests and clergy members regarding migration, sharing data and testimonies, questioning both their active engagement and their moments of hesitation or non-engagement. This subject resonated with the audience as it connected theological, social, and pastoral dimensions to wider questions of public debate. The intervention was very well received. Following the panel, a number of participants (clergy, NGO representatives, and young people alike) approached her to continue the conversation. Their questions and reflections showed that the themes raised echo in different national contexts, from the challenges of preaching hospitality in polarised environments to the practical ways churches and NGOs can engage in supporting migrants and asylum seekers and in resisting disinformation and political instrumentalisation of migration related issues.

Beyond the institutional setting, the most impactful moments were those spent with the young participants themselves. The group included youth from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Palestine, Bosnia, France, Greece, Italy, and Spain, among other, representing a wide range of experiences and outlooks. Their profiles were highly heterogeneous: ranging from 20 to 35 years old, some were students in medicine or sciences, others were artists while several were scholars or worked directly with NGOs or in community organisations. They also came from different religious traditions as well as from varied economic situations. This heterogeneity mattered. It meant that conversations were not only intercultural but also interfaith, inter-professional, and interclass encounters, where perspectives shaped by clinical training, artistic practice, civic engagement, or socioeconomic conditions collided and complemented one another. The initiative became a space where distinct trajectories (academic, professional, creative, spiritual, and economic) were placed in dialogue, producing a richer fabric of exchanges. It also highlighted how migration is understood differently depending on one’s position: as a humanitarian challenge, as a theme of artistic expression, as a moral duty, or as a lived reality within families and communities. The diversity was such that it was impossible to create groups by nationality or language. This proved to be an advantage as it forced dialogue across differences. The participants had no choice but to engage with one another directly. This necessity created genuine conversations and mutual discovery, breaking down stereotypes and encouraging them to see each other as journey companions rather than foreigners. Small group sessions of four to five participants were organised to discuss migration in its multiple dimensions: the importance of inter-religious and intercultural dialogue, and how it can counter polarisation; the fight against stereotypes and disinformation, which continue to shape public opinion in divisive ways; questions of identity, belonging, and inclusion, particularly for those who have themselves experienced mobility or displacement; etc. “The participants demonstrated a remarkable capacity to listen, share, and learn from one another; showing how critical it is to involve young people in conversations on migration and asylum in Europe”, said Névyne.

Another crucial dimension of the Bel Espoir initiative is that the participants live together on board a boat during their journey. This way of life goes far beyond dialogue sessions as it requires them to work side by side with the boat’s crew, helping with everyday tasks such as washing dishes, sharing limited space, and assisting wherever needed. This experience pushes them out of their comfort zones and creates a context where cooperation is not optional but essential. Living in close quarters, supporting each other in practical tasks, and adapting to the constraints of the boat create bonds of trust and solidarity. Within a few days one could already witness the emergence of strong friendships, as well as invitations for future visits to each other’s countries of origin.

Such initiatives reveal the potential and the limits of faith-based and civil society interventions in the migration field. They provide laboratories of intercultural dialogue, yet they also raise questions: can such temporary, affective communities produce durable solidarities that extend beyond the journey? How do institutions like the Church balance their theological imperatives of hospitality with the political constraints of national contexts? And to what extent can youth-led, experiential encounters disrupt entrenched stereotypes and polarised narratives?

Névyne shared that leaving the group after only a few days was unexpectedly difficult. The intensity of the long conversations, the shared moments and work created attachments that went beyond ordinary conference encounters. To witness a group of young people so passionate about learning, debating, and exchanging ideas on politics, religion, and society was both humbling and inspiring. “As a Mediterranean myself engaged in cultural exchange programs and art residencies, this encounter carried particular weight: it was a reminder that political sociology is not only an academic pursuit but also a vocation tied to listening, dialogue, and engagement, being attentive to the ways in which collective energy and curiosity can shape more inclusive futures”, she reflected.

From the perspective of the ACRONYM project, the Albanian stage of Med25 underscored the importance of a multi-actor approach. Listening simultaneously to clergy, organisations, and youth demonstrated how migration is never just a technical matter of policy but a terrain where identities, solidarities, and narratives are constantly negotiated. The 8 months journey will culminate in Marseille in October, but already highlights how everyday practices of cooperation, on deck and in dialogue, offer glimpses of a more inclusive Mediterranean.

 

From Laggards to Leaders: Green Innovation and CEE’s Climate Opportunity

New ICE Policy Brief | October 2025

As Europe accelerates its push toward climate neutrality, Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are often portrayed as lagging behind:less innovative, more emission intensive, and politically cautious. A new policy brief from the Institute for Central Europe challenges this narrative, arguing that it overlooks both the region’s potential and its strategic importance.

Far from being peripheral players, CEE countries possess the industrial base, technical talent, and access to EU funding that could position them at the forefront of the green transition. The key lies in reframing climate policy as a pathway to economic modernisation and technological leadership, rather than treating it as a regulatory burden.

The brief sets out seven actionable recommendations for turning this potential into progress, from strengthening innovation ecosystems to enhancing regional cooperation and aligning EU instruments with national reform strategies.

If CEE countries connect climate ambition with their industrial strengths, they will not only accelerate their own transformation — they will help shape Europe’s clean future.

Read the policy brief

ACRONYM hosts online workshops on reporting migration and asylum

Over three Fridays in September and October 2025, the ACRONYM project hosted a series of online activities for professional and student journalists across Europe. Focused on reporting migration and asylum, the activity gathered 17 participants: 10 students and 7 professional journalists. Interestingly, the majority of participants were migrants or refugees themselves. Alongside an Afghan refugee working as a journalist in France was an Irish journalist living in Slovakia, of the several students enrolled in the Erasmus Mundus Journalism, Media and Globalisation one came from Brazil and another from the Philippines.

Under the guidance of trainer and international consultant Charles Autheman, the participants covered a broad diversity of topics: terminology and legal frameworks, ethical dilemmas, cross-border reporting, addressing mal-, mis- and disinformation challenges. They learned about some important resources such as the media friendly glossary on migration, the media toolkit on reporting fair recruitment or the ethical charters developed in Italy or France.

The final session was largely devoted to sharing story ideas and unpacking creative ways to bring migration stories to life. A particularly timely initiative given the toxicity of much of migration-related information across Europe and the challenges faced by journalists to provide audiences with renewed narratives in a very politicized environment. The participants organized themselves in a loose network to stay in touch beyond this activity. Hopefully this will lead to compelling stories and further motivation to tell the story of migration and asylum with care and professionalism.

 

ACRONYM Final Conference 2025 

Paris, 4. – 5. 11. 2025

The event will focus on how migration is perceived, represented, and governed across Europe, with particular attention to narratives, public attitudes, and comparative perspectives between Western and Central Europe.

The programme will feature keynotes and roundtables with leading researchers, paper presentations from scholars at all career stages, and a public evening event entitled “De l’exil à l’engagement : agir, créer, accueillir,” which will take place on Tuesday, 4 November 2025, at the Museum of the History of Immigration – Palais de la Porte Dorée, followed by a reception. Discussions will take place in French, with English translation provided.

The conference will bring together academics, policymakers, and civil society representatives – offering a unique opportunity to engage, exchange, and connect !

We’re also excited to invite all conference participants to join the Central European Migration Research Hub — a space that connects researchers, policymakers, and experts working on migration across the region.

A dedicated conference feed has been created within the Hub — your space to: stay updated on all conference news, network with other participants and share your presentations, photos, and impressions.

Join, register, create your profile and share your news here!

You will find the directions, the agenda and the evening programme below.

We look forward to welcoming you in Paris!

 

Directions

  • Learning Planet Institute (4 and 5 November, day time)

Address : 8 bis Rue Charles V, 75004 Paris, France

 

Directions: Metro 1, 5, 8 (Bastille)

Metro 7 (Sully Morland)

  • Palais de la Porte Dorée (4 November, evening)

Address: 293 avenue Daumesnil, 75012 Paris

Directions : Metro 8, Tram 3a (Porte Dorée)

 

Agenda

 

November 4, Learning Planet Institute, 8 bis Rue Charles V, 75004 Paris

 

Ground Floor, Main space – Please note that you will be asked to remove your shoes before entering the room

9h – Introductory remarks

  • Anneliese Depoux, UPC (5 min)
  • Laëtitia Atlani-Duault, Vice-President for the European Union and European University Networks (5 min)
  • Katarina Csefalvayova, Director of the Institute for Central Europe – ICE (5 min)

 

 

9h15 – 10h30 – Keynote – Migration narratives and representations – Hélène Thiollet, Sciences Po CERI (20 min)

Main space, ground floor

Respondents :

  • Marieke Huysentruyt, Associate Professor of Strategy and Business Policy, HEC (10 min)
  • Fatemeh Jailani, former Deputy CEO of SINGA, Board Member of the European Migration Forum and Founding Member of Starting New : The EU Newcomer Entrepreneurship Policy Coalition (10 min)
  • Discussion

 

10h30 – 11h – Comfort Break (Basement)

 

11h – 12h20 – Roundtable – From Crisis Framing to Policy Responses: conclusions and ways forward from MAGYC and ACRONYM projects

Ground Floor, Main space – Please note that you will be asked to remove your shoes before entering the room

Moderation: François Gemenne, Director of the Hugo Observatory (Liège University)

  • Katarina Csefalvayova, Director of the Institute for Central Europe – ICE (15 min)
  • Clarissa Tabosa, ACRONYM Chair for Asylum and Migration Studies, Comenius

University (15 min)

  • Hélène Thiollet, Sciences Po CERI (15 min)
  • Discussion

 

12h20 – 13h20 – Lunch (Basement)

 

 

13h20 – 14h50 – Paper Presentations (two parallel sessions) – 6 presentations of 10 minutes + Q&A (30 min)

 

  • Governance 1, chaired by Névyne Zeineldin, Liège University (Room 1.10, first floor)

–       Marija PAVICEVIC, Université Paris Sorbonne, Framing the EU migration and asylum policies through externalization and responsibility displacement

–       Tomáš Čorej, LSE / Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA) – London School of Economics (LSE) – Tusk as a Border Hawk? A Case Study of Migration Policy and Politics in Poland

–       Abdul Fattah, Ludovika University of Public Service, Budapest, Pre-Migration Aspirations versus Post-Migration Integration: Combined Theoretical Model to Understand Migration to the European Union

–       Halil Yigit, University Paris 8, Vincennes / Institut Français de Géopolitique (IFG) — Electoral Mobilization of the Turkish Diaspora : Voting from Abroad and the Dynamics of Autocratization

–       Sinafekesh Wolde and Michel Gelobter, Yale University – “Framing” Climate Migration: Science, Policy, Ethics & Politics of a Growing Crisis

–       Mohamed Sobhy, Zagazig University – Reframing Migration Narratives Through Legal and Policy Lenses: The Role of International Law in Shaping Inclusive Governance

 

  • Narratives 1, chaired by Clarissa Tabosa, ACRONYM Chair for Asylum and Migration Studies, Comenius University (Room 1.11, first floor)

–       Gordana Smudja, Drama Artists’ Association of Serbia & Association of Writers of Serbia, Images as communication form

–       Fiona Seiger, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Navigating divisive migration narratives: understanding public perceptions of fairness and building trust through migration communication

–       Elodie Hut, Avocats Sans Frontières (ASF), Migration perceptions and othering-solidarity practices. Insights from Italian, Greek and Turkish privileged migrants in Brussels

–       Helen Klein, Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR Pacte – Un/doing borders: the ambivalent logic of a socio-spatial process

–       Aya Boubel, Sciences Po Bordeaux – Co-production of climate migrant categories: language games and forms of life

 

14h50 – 15h10 – Comfort Break (Basement)

 

 

15h10 – 16h40 – Paper Presentations (two parallel sessions) – 6 presentations of 10 minutes + Q&A (30 min)

 

  • Governance 2, chaired by Clarissa Tabosa, ACRONYM Chair for Asylum and Migration Studies, Comenius University (Room 1.10, first floor)

–       Natalia Schneiderova, Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic, Migration Office – Attracting Talent through Migration: The Strategic Role of Slovakia’s Centres of Services for Foreigners in Facilitating Highly Qualified Migrants’ Integration

–       Adam Bence Balazs, Andrássy Universität Budapest – Migration: Europe’s Hazardous Illusion of Centrality

–       Olena Khylko and Maksym Khylko, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava,  What We Don’t See Can Blinds Us: is EU response to refugees’ reception so selective?

–       Ségolène Bulot, Universität zu Köln – Political norms, artistic norms: comparative issues and dynamics of artist-run spaces for migrant artists in France and Germany

–        Asmaa Darag, Ain Shams University – Leveraging AI Tools for Youth-Led Solutions: Addressing Migration, Gender, and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Through Shifting Perception

–        Zeina Moneer, Nordic Africa Institute – War-climate change-migration nexus

 

  • Narratives 2, chaired by Névyne Zeineldinn, Liège University (Room 1.11, first floor) – 6 presentations of 10 minutes + Q&A (30 min)

–       Jason Gagnon, OECD, All Over the Place: How Researchers Define Migration and Why It Matters

–       Mirana Rajoharison, Alefa Diaspora – Reframing Narratives: The Role of Diaspora Organizations in Challenging Representations of the Global South

–       Solène Poyraz, EHESS, Paris Cité – “Neighborhood as Mirror: Syrian Refugees and Urban Tensions in Turkey”

      Stéphanie Njiomo Tchoumi, Ci4Ca (Climate Information For Communities Actors) – The role of civil society in shaping or contesting dominant narratives

–       Chiara Camporese, Università ca foscari  – The Silent Wave of Climate Migrations (online)

–       Marie Moncada, Audencia Business School – The Spectrum of Illiberalism in French Media (online)

 

 

Museum of History of Migration – Palais de la Porte Dorée

293 Avenue Daumesnil, 12e

 

In French – English translation provided

 

17h30 and 18h – Private visits of the exhibition on Migrations and Climate (registration required per email isabelle.schwengler@u-paris.fr, limited places available)

 

19h15 – Introduction – Constance Rivière, Directrice Générale du Palais de la Porte Dorée

 

19h25 – 21h00 – Table Ronde – De l’exil à l’engagement : agir, créer, accueillir

Modération : François Gemenne,  Directeur de l’Observatoire Hugo, Université de Liège; Anneliese Depoux, Université Paris Cité

  • Benoît Hamon – Président de l’Association Singa (15 min)
  • Virginie Troit – Directrice Générale de la Fondation Croix-Rouge (15 min)
  • Jorge Orta – Artiste, exposition “Migrations et Climat” (15 min)
  • Dina Ionesco – Conseillère Principale, Politiques, protection & action sur le climat, Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés (15 min)
  • Discussion (30 min)

                                                                                                                                            

21h00 – 22h00 – Cocktail

 

 

November 5, Learning Planet Institute, 8 bis Rue Charles V, 75004 Paris

 

9h – 10h30 – Presentation of the Charte de Marseille – Tania Racho and Sedera Ranaivoarinosy, Désinfox – Migration

Ground Floor, Main space – Please note that you will be asked to remove your shoes before entering the room

 

10h30 – 11h – Comfort Break (Basement)

 

11h – 12h30 – Roundtable – Migrations, perceptions and social cohesion

Ground Floor, Main space – Please note that you will be asked to remove your shoes before entering the room

Moderation : Charles Autheman, International Consultant – HEC Paris

  • Speranța Dumitru, Centre Population et Développement (CEPED)
  • Marion Cosperec, Communication and Partnerships – Destin Commun
  • El-Mouhoub Mouhoud, President of Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)
  • Discussion

 

12h30 – 13h30 – Lunch Break (Basement)

 

13h30 – 15h00 – Roundtable on the perceptions of immigration and field experiences

Ground Floor, Main space – Please note that you will be asked to remove your shoes before entering the room

Moderation: Anneliese Depoux, Université Paris Cité

  • Katarina Csefalvayova, ICE – Migration Through a Religious Lens: Insights from Priests and Communities in Central Europe
  • Névyne Zeineldin, Liège University – Priests’ and Lay Catholics’ Perspectives on Migration in France: Between Gospel Imperatives, Political Constraints, and Media Representations
  • Marcela VillalobosFrench Bishops’ Conference, Pastoral Care for Migrants – Pastoral Care and the Catholic Church’s Engagement with Migrants in France
  • Alexis LeprouxEpiscopal Vicar for Mediterranean Relations and Coordinator of Med25 – Bel Espoir – The Catholic Church as an Institutional Actor in Mediterranean Migration Debates

 

15h00 – 15h10 – ConclusionsKatarina Csefalvayova, ICE

 

*** End of Conference ***

 

 

 

This agenda is provisional and subject to change until the conference.

 

Space: Europe´s Next Dual-Use Frontier

Satellites guide planes, track crops, and enable secure communications. They also underpin military operations and national sovereignty. As Europe rethinks its place in space, the question is clear: can it transform its civilian-first legacy into a model that secures both resilience and values?

 

Space has always been a dual-use domain. The same satellites that guide aircraft and ships, monitor forests and seas, and connect remote communities also provide secure communications, precision navigation, and strategic awareness. For decades, Europe approached this reality with a civilian-first mindset: flagship programmes such as Galileo and Copernicus were designed for public benefit, with security implications left largely implicit.

That posture is now harder to sustain. The war in Ukraine showed how commercial space services can shape operations on the ground, while rapid advances in launch, small satellites, and sensing have lowered barriers to entry. Major powers are investing heavily, treating space as critical infrastructure for both economic resilience and national security. Europe, meanwhile, has uncovered dependencies on foreign launch capacity, commercial imagery, and communications that sit uneasily with its ambition of strategic autonomy.

A shift is under way. New initiatives aim at secure connectivity, better space situational awareness, and closer ties between civilian and defence users. National space commands are expanding, and a new generation of European startups is entering the market. Yet fragmentation persists, and the policy vocabulary still trails technological reality.

This article asks whether Europe can turn its civilian-first heritage into a competitive advantage in a world where space is unavoidably dual-use. It examines what makes space unique, where Europe stands, what is at stake for autonomy and industry, and how a coherent European model could align civil, commercial, and defence needs without losing sight of European values.

 

  1. Why Space is the Ultimate Dual-Use Domain

Few domains illustrate dual-use more clearly than outer space. The same systems that underpin daily civilian life also provide critical military capabilities.

  • Navigation: GPS in the U.S. and Europe’s Galileo serve billions of civilian users, from smartphones to aviation. At the same time, they deliver secure and encrypted signals essential for military operations and critical infrastructure.
  • Earth Observation: Copernicus is a cornerstone of climate monitoring, disaster response, and agriculture management. Yet its satellites and data services also support border surveillance, maritime security, and intelligence gathering.
  • Communications: Satellite broadband enables digital inclusion and rural connectivity, but the same constellations provide secure communications for armed forces and emergency responders. The Ukraine war highlighted this duality vividly, as commercial satellite internet became a strategic lifeline.
  • Launch and Access: Rockets that deliver scientific payloads or commercial satellites to orbit also provide states with independent access to space – a capability with clear defence implications.
  • Space Situational Awareness: Tracking debris ensures the safety of satellites and astronauts, but also forms the foundation for protecting assets against hostile interference.

In each of these cases, the boundary between civil and military use is not just blurred but fundamentally artificial. The technologies are the same, the infrastructures overlap, and the users often draw from identical data streams. Space is therefore not only a textbook case of dual-use — it is perhaps the most inescapable one.

 

  1. Europe’s Civil-First Legacy

Europe’s space policy has long been shaped by a deliberate choice to emphasise civilian benefit over military application. When the European Space Agency (ESA) was founded in 1975, it was established as a civil organisation, distinct from NATO’s defence-oriented activities and national military programmes. The idea was that space should be a field of scientific cooperation and peaceful use, not a platform for strategic competition.

This legacy carried through to Europe’s flagship space initiatives. Galileo, the EU’s global navigation system, was framed explicitly as a civilian alternative to the U.S. GPS. Its purpose was to guarantee Europe autonomous access to positioning and timing data for transport, energy, and communications infrastructure, while its secure military-grade service remained a secondary element. Copernicus, launched in the late 1990s, was designed as the world’s most ambitious Earth observation programme, focused on environmental monitoring, climate science, and disaster response.

These programmes demonstrated Europe’s ability to lead in space, but they also reinforced the division between civil and defence. Military space capabilities remained the domain of national governments, developed separately through defence budgets and largely outside EU coordination. As a result, Europe built powerful civil systems without integrating defence users or reaping the economies of scale that come from pooling civil, commercial, and military demand.

The consequence of this civil-first approach is a fragmented ecosystem. The EU and ESA lead in environmental and scientific space programmes; Member States operate their own defence satellites; and commercial actors are beginning to carve out niches. Yet the absence of a shared framework has meant duplication of effort, gaps in capability, and a weaker collective response to emerging geopolitical challenges.

 

  1. The Geopolitical Wake-Up Call

The war in Ukraine has transformed how Europe views space. What was once seen primarily as an enabler of scientific progress and environmental monitoring has emerged as a cornerstone of national security and military operations.

Commercial providers played a decisive role. High-resolution imagery from private Earth observation satellites gave Ukrainian forces near real-time situational awareness. Starlink satellite internet became a vital communications lifeline when terrestrial infrastructure was disrupted (though it also exposed the risks of reliance on a single private actor). These contributions underscored how easily commercial, ostensibly civilian space assets could be repurposed in conflict — and how valuable they could be when speed and resilience mattered most.

At the same time, Europe became acutely aware of its own vulnerabilities. The continent remains dependent on U.S. GPS for navigation, on American launch providers such as SpaceX for access to orbit, and on foreign commercial providers for some of its imagery and communications needs. These dependencies sit uneasily with Europe’s ambition of strategic autonomy, particularly at a time when both the United States and China are accelerating the integration of space into their dual-use innovation ecosystems.

For Washington, space has long been a national security priority, backed by the Pentagon and NASA’s coordination with commercial space. In Beijing, civil and military space programmes are fused by design, with massive state-led investment in satellites, launchers, and space stations. China has rapidly become the West’s most formidable rival in orbit, fielding anti-satellite capabilities, building a permanent space station, and investing in mega-constellations that compete directly with U.S. and European initiatives. Its model demonstrates not only scale but also an uncompromising fusion of economic, technological, and military goals.

Against this backdrop, Europe’s civil-first posture looks increasingly out of step. Space is no longer a benign, cooperative domain; it has become a field of strategic competition where civilian, commercial, and defence interests converge. If Europe wants to safeguard its autonomy, it must treat space not as a secondary concern but as a core pillar of its security and industrial strategy.

 

  1. Europe’s Emerging Shift

Europe is not standing still. Over the past three years, the EU and its Member States have begun to recalibrate their approach, slowly but unmistakably moving from a civil-first paradigm toward one that recognises space as a strategic, dual-use frontier.

The most visible sign is IRIS², the EU’s secure connectivity constellation launched in 2022. For the first time, Brussels has explicitly designed a flagship space programme with both civilian and security objectives. The system will provide encrypted communications for governments and critical infrastructure, while also serving commercial broadband markets — a clear acknowledgment that resilience in space must serve both citizens and armed forces.

The European Defence Fund has also opened a pathway for space-related defence research, with calls supporting areas such as space situational awareness, secure satellite communication, and protection of space infrastructure. Meanwhile, the European Space Agency and the European Commission are intensifying coordination, with new efforts to bridge the divide between ESA’s civil mandate and the EU’s security agenda.

At the national level, momentum is equally visible. France has established a Space Command and declared space a “military domain.” Germany and Italy are investing in new military satellites. Smaller Member States are also finding niches: Luxembourg has positioned itself as a hub for space finance, while Poland has expanded investment in space-based reconnaissance. Slovakia, too, is beginning to carve out a role, with promising advances at the Technical University of Košice and the opportunity to draw on Ukraine’s legacy as a hub of the Soviet space industry. This is not only about integrating skilled individuals but about leveraging deep technical know-how and industrial experience – assets that, with the right support, could help anchor a meaningful national contribution to Europe’s wider ambitions. A new generation of European startups, from launch services to in-orbit servicing and Earth observation, is entering the market, bringing commercial energy into a field long dominated by state actors.

What makes this shift particularly European is its emphasis on integration rather than militarisation. The emerging model is not about creating a Pentagon-in-space, but about ensuring that civil, commercial, and defence needs are met through shared infrastructure, open standards, and transparent governance. If successful, it could become a competitive advantage: a way to deliver security without abandoning Europe’s values of openness and cooperation.

Yet this shift remains fragile. Funding is fragmented, coordination between EU and national programmes is incomplete, and startups still face obstacles in scaling to global markets. Without greater clarity and investment, Europe risks missing the window to secure its place in the rapidly evolving space economy.

Still, the direction of travel is clear: Europe is beginning to treat space not just as a laboratory of science or a market for services, but as critical infrastructure for autonomy, resilience, and security.

 

  1. What’s at Stake

The choices Europe makes in space policy over the next decade will shape far more than its presence in orbit. At stake are three interlinked priorities: strategic autonomy, industrial competitiveness, and technological resilience.

Strategic autonomy. Without secure access to space-based navigation, communications, and Earth observation, Europe cannot guarantee the independence of its security or foreign policy. Dependence on U.S. or commercial providers may be workable in peacetime, but in a crisis it leaves Europe vulnerable to decisions made elsewhere.

Industrial competitiveness. Space is not just a sector; it is an enabler of the wider economy. From logistics to agriculture, from disaster response to finance, countless industries rely on satellite services. If Europe fails to build competitive space industries, it risks ceding not only defence capability but also entire markets to U.S. and Chinese companies. Political uncertainty in the U.S. may also open unexpected windows. Shifting priorities in Washington, from fluctuating NASA budgets to questions about long-term commitment to civil space programmes, create both risks and opportunities. A disengaged United States could weaken transatlantic cooperation, but it could also allow Europe to attract talent, capture investment, and advance capabilities that might otherwise have remained dominated by Washington.

Technological resilience. Space infrastructure underpins both climate monitoring and cyber-physical security. Without European systems in place, everything from environmental modelling to critical infrastructure protection is exposed to external shocks. In a world of rising geopolitical competition, this resilience is as vital as decarbonisation or digitalisation.

The dual-use nature of space makes the stakes higher still. A satellite constellation is not just a scientific instrument or a commercial service; it is a potential security asset. A launch capability is not just an industrial achievement; it is a guarantee of sovereignty. Europe’s ability to integrate these realities without losing sight of its values will determine whether space becomes a source of vulnerability or a pillar of strength.

 

  1. Europe’s Path Forward

If space is the ultimate dual-use frontier, Europe’s challenge is not to copy the models of others, but to design its own. The task is to reconcile civil, commercial, and defence needs in a way that reflects European values while closing the gaps that leave the continent vulnerable.

Three priorities stand out:

  • Signal demand clearly. European startups and industries need certainty that their technologies will find buyers at scale. That requires joint procurement, coordinated EU-level programmes, and early adoption of new systems by public authorities. Without predictable demand, investment will remain hesitant.
  • Help companies scale. Europe has strong research and promising startups, but too few make the leap to global competitiveness. Tailored financing from the European Investment Bank, the European Defence Fund, and national promotional banks could de-risk private capital and create the conditions for a vibrant NewSpace sector serving both civil and defence markets.
  • Streamline governance. Space in Europe is still divided between ESA’s civil mandate, the EU’s industrial and security programmes, and national military systems. Greater integration — without new silos or duplicated institutions — is essential if Europe is to act with speed and credibility.

Above all, Europe must speak honestly about space as a dual-use domain. Pretending that satellites and launchers are “civilian only” no longer matches technological reality or geopolitical context. A European model should embrace transparency and accountability, but also accept that resilience and security are legitimate goals of space policy.

 

Conclusion

The Dual-Use Gap That Puts Europe at Risk  is nowhere clearer than in space. Europe has the scientific talent, the industrial base, and the political momentum to catch up, but only if it has the courage to break with old silos and the clarity to design its own model. The choice is no longer between civilian space and defence space, but between shaping the future of dual-use space on Europe’s terms or depending on others to do it.

If Europe can rise to this challenge, it will not only safeguard its autonomy but also strengthen its industry, its economy, and its societal resilience. More than a frontier, space will become a foundation — for security, for competitiveness, and for Europe’s place in the twenty-first century.

 

Katarína Cséfalvayová